Orienteering Field Expedient Methods 2004

Field-expedient methods for determining direction include the Shadow-Tip Method, which uses the sun’s shadow to establish an east-west line, and the Watch Method, which involves using the hour hand of a watch to find north and south. The Star Method uses constellations, particularly the North Star, for navigation. Each method is described with practical steps, allowing accurate navigation without a compass, though effectiveness may vary by location and time of year.